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剑13Tset1雅思听力原文：Section 4

2020-07-14 18:34:06来源：网络 柯林斯词典

　　提到雅思备考，我们最先想到的就是剑桥雅思真题，剑桥雅思真题作为雅思备考中的热门教材，一直以来深受广大考生追捧。今天新东方在线小编就给大家整理了剑13Tset1雅思听力原文：Section 4，希望能都帮助大家更好的备考雅思考试，更多剑桥雅思真题原文、题目及答案解析相关内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线雅思网。

Test 1- Section 4
[01:15.66Hi.
[01:16.60Today we're going to be looking at animals in urban environments and I'm going to be telling you about some research on how they're affected by these environments.
[01:28.97Now, in evolutionary terms, urban environments represent huge upheavals, the sorts of massive changes that usually happen over millions of years.
[01:40.91And we used to think that only a few species could adapt to this new environment.
[01:47.29One species which is well known as being highly adaptable is the crow, and there've been various studies about how they manage to learn new skills.
[01:58.92Another successful species is the pigeon, because they're able to perch on ledges on the walls of city buildings, just like they once perched on cliffs by the sea.
[02:10.60But in fact, we're now finding that these early immigrants were just the start of a more general movement of animals into cities, and of adaptation by these animals to city life.
[02:23.81And one thing that researchers are finding especially interesting is the speed with which they're doing this - we're not talking about gradual evolution here - these animals are changing fast.
[02:38.51Let me tell you about some of the studies that have been carried out in this area.
[02:44.39So, in the University of Minnesota, a biologist called Emilie Snell-Rood and her colleagues looked at specimens of urbanised small mammals such as mice and gophers that had been collected in Minnesota, and that are now kept in museums there.
[03:03.27And she looked at specimens that had been collected over the last hundred years, which is a very short time in evolutionary terms.
[03:11.94And she found that during that time, these small mammals had experienced a jump in brain size when compared to rural mammals.
[03:20.80Now, we can't be sure this means they're more intelligent, but since the sizes of other parts of the body didn't change, it does suggest that something cognitive was going on.
[03:33.45And Snell-Rood thinks that this change might reflect the cognitive demands of adjusting to city life - having to look in different places to find food, for example, and coping with a whole new set of dangers.
[03:48.98Then over in Germany at the Max Planck Institute, there's another biologist called Catarina Miranda who's done some experiments with blackbirds living in urban and rural areas.
[04:02.06And she's been looking not at their anatomy but at their behaviour.
[04:07.81So as you might expect, she's found that the urban blackbirds tend to be quite bold - they're prepared to face up to a lot of threats that would frighten away their country counterparts.
[04:19.60But there's one type of situation that does seem to frighten the urban blackbirds, and that's anything new - anything they haven't experienced before.
[04:30.29And if you think about it, that's quite sensible for a bird living in the city.
[04:39.55Jonathan Atwell, in Indiana University, is looking at how a range of animals respond to urban environments.
[04:47.34He's found that when they're under stress, their endocrine systems react by reducing the amount of hormones such as corticosterone into their blood.
[04:57.28It's a sensible-seeming adaptation.
[05:00.03A rat that gets scared every time a subway train rolls past won't be very successful.
[05:07.50There's just one more study I'd like to mention which is by Sarah Partan and her team, and they've been looking at how squirrels communicate in an urban environment, and they've found that a routine part of their communication is carried out by waving their tails.
[05:26.27You do also see this in the country, but it's much more prevalent in cities, possibly because it's effective in a noisy environment.
[05:36.26So what are the long-term implications of this?
[05:40.58One possibility is that we may see completely new species developing in cities.
[05:46.97But on the other hand, it's possible that not all of these adaptations will be permanent.
[05:53.41Once the animal's got accustomed to its new environment, it may no longer need the features it's developed.
[06:00.97So, now we've had a look ...

　　以上就是小编为烤鸭们整理的“剑13Tset1雅思听力原文：Section 4”的全部内容，希望同学们能够认真学习剑桥雅思真题，早日和雅思说分手，更多剑桥雅思真题相关备考材料内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线雅思网。



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