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剑13Tset2雅思听力原文+题目+答案：Section 4

2020-07-15 15:47:33来源：网络 柯林斯词典

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Test 2- Section 4
[01:11.95Today, we'll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly.
[01:26.29Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or 'episode'.
[01:33.14Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past.
[01:40.69Episodic memories include various details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other information such as the location.
[01:55.58To help understand this concept, try to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant.
[02:03.25The ability to remember where you ate, who you were with and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory.
[02:15.48Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory.
[02:23.54This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else - that is your general knowledge of the world.
[02:35.33To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and how an engine works are examples of semantic memory.
[02:55.56Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn't dependent on recalling personal experiences.
[03:06.27Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation and retrieval.
[03:20.78The initial step is called encoding.
[03:25.15This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating memories of information or events that you experience.
[03:39.50The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give to an event while it's actually happening.
[03:52.65Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult.
[03:59.07Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event.
[04:06.98For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that your uncle has the same name.
[04:18.12Future recollection of Charlie's name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it.
[04:29.27Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened, stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval.
[04:48.16Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network of information.
[05:00.59Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely.
[05:08.92Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them.
[05:17.67Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren't used very often.
[05:25.97The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection of encoded information.
[05:38.00Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors.
[05:50.58These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt.
[05:57.48For example, when recalling where you parked your car you may use the colour of a sign close to where you parked.
[06:08.71You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked.
[06:19.75There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory.
[06:29.12These range from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia to autism.
[06:36.40An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals' lives.
[06:45.32For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication; however, patients' episodic memory may still be impaired and so they are often unable to return to university or work.
[07:07.05Recent studies have shown that computer-assisted games designed to keep the brain active can help improve their episodic memory.
[07:20.06Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance by sharing intimate details about their past: something individuals with autism often have problems with.
[07:36.98This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self.
[07:43.35This is essential for the storage of episodic memory, and has been found to be impaired in children with autism.
[07:54.11Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children's social development.
[08:06.99One study looked at a ...
今天，我们将继续关于记忆的系列讲座，重点是情景记忆，以及如果情景记忆不起作用会发生什么。
情景记忆是指对事件或“情节”的记忆。
情景记忆可以让我们在脑海中回到过去的某个事件。
情景记忆包括关于这些事件的各种细节，例如，事件发生的时间和其他信息，如地点。
为了帮助理解这个概念，试着记住你最后一次在餐馆吃饭是什么时候。
情景记忆的特点是能够记住你在哪里吃饭，你和谁在一起，你点了什么菜。
情景记忆不同于另一种记忆，即语义记忆。
这是一种我们与其他人共同拥有的事实记忆——即你对世界的一般认识。
在上一个例子的基础上，记住你把车停在哪里是情景记忆的一个例子，但是你对汽车是什么以及引擎如何工作的理解是语义记忆的例子。
与情景记忆不同，语义记忆不依赖于回忆个人经历。
情景记忆可以看作是一个有几个不同记忆处理步骤的过程：编码、巩固和检索。
第一个步骤称为编码。
这涉及到接收和录入信息的过程，这对于创建你所经历的信息或事件的记忆是必要的。
成功编码信息的程度取决于事件实际发生时所给予的关注程度。
分心会使有效编码变得非常困难。
情景记忆的编码也受到你如何处理事件的影响。
例如，如果你被介绍给一个叫查理的人，你可以把你叔叔的名字联系起来。
如果你有一种策略来帮助你对查理的名字进行编码，那么将来对查理名字的记忆就会容易得多。
记忆巩固是形成情景记忆的下一步，是对编码信息的记忆进行强化、稳定和存储的过程，以便于以后的提取。
当存储的信息可以连接到现有的信息网络时，巩固是最有效的。
巩固记忆使你能够储存记忆以备以后不限期的记忆提取。
形成强烈的记忆取决于你试图回忆它们的频率。
如果不经常使用，记忆会消褪或变得更难找回。
形成情景记忆的最后一个步骤是提取，这是对编码信息的有意识回忆。
情景记忆中提取信息取决于语 义、嗅觉、听觉和视觉因素。
这些作为提示，可以帮助情景记忆的回忆。
例如，当你回忆你把车停在哪里的时候，你可以使用接近你停车位置的的一个标志的颜色。
实际上，你必须在脑海中回到你停车的那一刻。
有很多神经系统疾病和状况会影响情景记忆。
这些疾病包括老年痴呆症、精神分裂症和自闭症。
情景记忆的损伤会对个体的生活产生深远的影响。
例如，精神分裂症的症状可以通过药物合理的控制; 然而，患者的情景记忆仍可能受损，因此他们往往无法重返大学或工作岗位。
最近的研究表明，电脑辅助游戏设计来保持大脑的活跃可以帮助改善他们的情景记忆。
情景记忆可以帮助人们与他人建立联系，例如，通过分享他们过去的私密细节：这些是自闭症患者经常难办到的。
这可能是由于缺乏自我意识造成的。
这对于情景记忆的储存是至关重要的，而且已经发现自闭症儿童的自我意识会受到损害。
研究表明，提高记忆力的治疗方法也可能对儿童的社会发展产生积极影响。
一项研究着眼于……

题目及答案

　　SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

　　Complete the notes below.

　　Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Episodic memory

  • the ability to recall details, e.g. the time and 31 __________ of past events

  • different to semantic memory - the ability to remember general information about the 32 __________ , which does not involve recalling 33 __________ information

Forming episodic memories involves three steps:

Encoding

  • involves receiving and processing information

  • the more 34 __________ given to an event, the more successfully it can be encoded

  • to remember a 35 __________ , it is useful to have a strategy for encoding such information

Consolidation

  • how memories are strengthened and stored

  • most effective when memories can be added to a 36 __________ of related information

  • the 37 __________ of retrieval affects the strength of memories

Retrieval

  • memory retrieval often depends on using a prompt, e.g. the 38 __________ of an object near to the place where you left your car

Episodic memory impairments

  • these affect people with a wide range of medical conditions

  • games which stimulate the 39 __________ have been found to help people with schizophrenia

  • children with autism may have difficulty forming episodic memories - possibly because their concept of the 40 __________ may be absent

  • memory training may help autistic children develop social skills

　　Section 4, Questions 31-40

　　31 location

　　32 world

　　33 personal

　　34 attention

　　35 name

　　36 network

　　37 frequency

　　38 colour / color

　　39 brain

　　40 self

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