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剑13Test4雅思听力原文：Section 4

2020-07-22 16:25:25来源：网络 柯林斯词典

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Test 4- Section 4
[01:12.47In my presentation, I'm going to talk about coffee, and its importance both in economic and social terms.
[01:20.31We think it was first drunk in the Arab world, but there's hardly any documentary evidence of it before the 1500s, although of course that doesn't mean that people didn't know about it before then.
[01:34.81However, there is evidence that coffee was originally gathered from bushes growing wild in Ethiopia, in the northeast of Africa.
[01:44.53In the early sixteenth century, it was being bought by traders, and gradually its use as a drink spread throughout the Middle East.
[01:54.86It's also known that in 1522, in the Turkish city of Constantinople, which was the centre of the Ottoman Empire, the court physician approved its use as a medicine.
[02:08.63By the mid-1500s, coffee bushes were being cultivated in the Yemen and for the next hundred years this region produced most of the coffee drunk in Africa and the Arab world.
[02:22.89What's particularly interesting about coffee is its effect on social life.
[02:28.29It was rarely drunk at home, but instead people went to coffee houses to drink it.
[02:34.71These people, usually men, would meet to drink coffee and chat about issues of the day.
[02:41.93But at the time, this chance to share ideas and opinions was seen as something that was potentially dangerous, and in 1623 the ruler of Constantinople demanded the destruction of all the coffee houses in the city, although after his death many new ones opened, and coffee consumption continued.
[03:05.88In the seventeenth century, coffee drinking spread to Europe, and here too coffee shops became places where ordinary people, nearly always men, could meet to exchange ideas.
[03:19.17Because of this, some people said that these places performed a similar function to universities.
[03:26.72The opportunity they provided for people to meet together outside their own homes and to discuss the topics of the day had an enormous impact on social life, and many social movements and political developments had their origins in coffee house discussions.
[03:49.71In the late 1600s, the Yemeni monopoly on coffee production broke down and coffee production started to spread around the world, helped by European colonisation.
[04:01.22Europeans set up coffee plantations in Indonesia and the Caribbean and production of coffee in the colonies skyrocketed.
[04:11.11Different types of coffee were produced in different areas, and it's interesting that the names given to these different types, like Mocha or Java coffee, were often taken from the port they were shipped to Europe from.
[04:25.95But if you look at the labour system in the different colonies, there were some significant differences.
[04:32.50In Brazil and the various Caribbean colonies, coffee was grown in huge plantations and the workers there were almost all slaves.
[04:43.34But this wasn't the same in all colonies; for example in Java, which had been colonised by the Dutch, the peasants grew coffee and passed a proportion of this on to the Dutch, so it was used as a means of taxation.
[04:58.65But whatever system was used, under the European powers of the eighteenth century, coffee production was very closely linked to colonisation.
[05:09.36Coffee was grown in ever-increasing quantities to satisfy the growing demand from Europe, and it became nearly as important as sugar production, which was grown under very similar conditions.
[05:22.56However, coffee prices were not yet low enough for people to drink it regularly at home, so most coffee consumption still took place in public coffee houses and it still remained something of a luxury item.
[05:36.74In Britain, however, a new drink was introduced from China, and started to become popular, gradually taking over from coffee, although at first it was so expensive that only the upper classes could afford it.
[05:50.55This was tea, and by the late 1700s it was being widely drunk.
[05:58.17However, when the USA gained independence from Britain in 1776, they identified this drink with Britain, and coffee remained the preferred drink in the USA, as it still is today.
[06:12.94So, by the early nineteenth century, coffee was already being widely produced and consumed.
[06:20.10But during this century, production boomed and coffee prices started to fall.
[06:26.22This was partly because new types of transportation had been developed which were cheaper and more efficient.
[06:33.24So now, working people could afford to buy coffee - it wasn't just a drink for the middle classes.
[06:40.23And this was at a time when large parts of Europe were starting to work in industries.
[06:45.75And sometimes this meant their work didn't stop when it got dark: they might have to continue throughout the night.
[06:53.13So, the use of coffee as a stimulant became important - it wasn't just a drink people drank in the morning, for breakfast.
[07:00.99There were also changes in cultivation ...



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