剑桥雅思9阅读Test4Passage2答案及解析

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　　Question 14—19：G、C、F、D、H、E

　　Question 20—23：D、B、E、C

　　Question 24—26：mirror、communication、ownership

　　Passage2整体分析

　　体 裁 议论文

　　题 材 学术研究

　　主 题 幼儿的身份意识

　　段落概括 A段 背景介绍：简要介绍幼儿的自我意识的特征及与之相关理论的由来

　　B段 小孩自我认识的第一步

　　C段 通过他人模仿和镜中反射的自我认识

　　D段 幼儿作为主体的实证研究不足

　　E段 自我意识发展的第二步——自我作为客体

　　F段 自我与他人、自我与社会关系的研究

　　G段 刘易斯和布鲁克斯—冈恩的研究发现

　　H段 生动的自我意识表达通过愤怒来表现

　　考题精解

　　Questions 14-19

　　题型：配对题MATCHING

　　解析：本题型为段落信息配对题，命题的两大特点为：彻底同义替换和绝对乱序。所以，应从理解段落入手，而不是按照题目顺序来寻找答案。同时，留意题目要求中是否有NB信息，这意味着是否有段落会被复选。

　　14.

　　雅思阅读关键词 account, method, researchers, a particular study

　　原文定位 G段第三句开始到本段结尾In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn … unless other cues such as movement are present.

　　题解 原文涉题句描述了一个experiment，研究人员通过在小孩的鼻子上涂抹红色的粉末来观察小孩的反映。原文中对整个实验的细节描述对应了题干中的account(记述)，涂抹粉末这个方法就对应了题干中的method，experiment 对应题干的study，人名Lewis and Brooks-Gunn 对应题干中的researchers。

　　答案 G

　　15.

　　雅思阅读关键词 imitation

　　原文定位 C段第一句Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.

　　题解 首句中的mimic对应题干中的imitation。

　　答案 C

　　16.

　　雅思阅读关键词 age, identify, static image

　　原文定位 F段第一句和第二句Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental ... to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement. This recognition occurs around their second birthday.

　　题解 第一句中的recognize对应题干中的identify，without the support of seeing contingent movement对应题干中的static。

　　答案 G

　　17.

　　雅思阅读关键词 reason, limitations, scientific research, self-as-subject

　　原文定位 D段最后一句Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication ...

　　题解 self-as-subject是合成词，可以预测应该会原词再现，原文涉题句中的investigation与题干中的scientific research为同义替换，limitation与scarce为同义替换，because of与reason为同义替换。

　　答案 D

　　18.

　　雅思阅读关键词 possible link, culture, a particular form of behaviour

　　原文定位 H段最后一句Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.

　　题解 最后一句中提到the link between the sense of ‘self’ and ‘ownership’ 在其他社会不那么明显，但是在西方社会，它是童年时期的一个显著特征。所以这样的行为是因文化或社会而不同的。

　　答案 H

　　19.

　　雅思阅读关键词 examples, features, contribute, sense of ‘self-as-object’

　　原文定位 E段最后一句This has been seen by many to be the aspect … social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics … with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability) with other people ...

　　题解 原文涉题句中括号里的举例对应了题干的examples，characteristics与features为同义替换。

　　答案 E

　　Questions 20-23

　　题型：配对题MATCHING

　　解析：人名理论配对题的特点是乱序和同义替换。首先，根据人名去原文中定位，找到其提出的理论(大多数在宾语从句中)，然后判断哪些理论与题目中的理论形成同义替换，从而进行配对。

　　20.

　　雅思阅读关键词 relationships with other people

　　原文定位 F段最后一句Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: ‘The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.’

　　题解 原文涉题句中的social world，social structure和social experience 与题干中的relationships with other people为同义替换。

　　答案 D

　　21.

　　雅思阅读关键词 child’s awareness of self, mastery over things and people

　　原文定位 B段第五句到最后一句Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.

　　题解 原文涉题句中的infant与题干中的child为同义替换，awareness与 sense为同义替换，control physical objects和affect the behaviour of other people对应题干中的mastery over things and people同义替换。

　　答案 B

　　22.

　　雅思阅读关键词 at a certain age, aggressive behaviour

　　原文定位 H段第二句和第三句 ... Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it.

　　题解 原文涉题句中的the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply和disputing ownerehip与题干中的 aggressive behaviour为同义替换，between the ages of 1 and 2 years与at a certain age 对应。

　　答案 E

　　23.

　　雅思阅读关键词 observing, reflection, contributes

　　原文定位 C段最后两句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror.

　　题解 原文涉题句中的 understanding that the movements they see in tlie mirror are contingent on their own和the reflection in the mifrar对应题干中的reflection，lead to与contribute to为同义替换。

　　答案 C

　　Questions 24-26

　　题型：摘要填空题SUMMARY COMPLETION

　　解析：本题型为摘要填空题，答案一般是在原文中复现。做题的时候弄清楚空格词与周围词的搭配关系，判断空格词的词性，同时划出定位词尤其是特殊定位词，便于迅速找出题千所对应的原文位置。填空题要注意答案的字数要求。

　　24.

　　雅思阅读关键词 effect on the world around them, handling objects, image to move, face

　　原文定位 C段第三句至第五句In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements. This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development). However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn(1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

　　题解 首先判断这个空格处需要填写一个名词单数。根据题目的第一句they can have an effect on the world around them，能够快速在原文的C段找到定位，然后定位词image和move在C段第三句和第四句找到对应词。根据意思可以判断是在mirror中看到自己的图像在移动。

　　答案 mirror

　　25

　　雅思阅读关键词 self-awareness, difficult to research directly, because of

　　原文定位 D段第三句Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly.

　　题解 根据题干定位词可快速在原文的D段找到定位，而且原文中investigations，difficulties和because of分别对应题干中的research，difficult和because of。空格处需要填写的是因果关系中的原因，因此答案是because of后面的comrminication。

　　答案 communication

　　26.

　　雅思阅读关键词 Western societies, self awareness, linked to, disputes

　　原文定位 H段最后一句Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in J Western societies.

　　题解 首先根据特殊短语Western societies定位到文章最后一句，然后在原文涉题句中找到link和sense of ‘self’与题干中的link和self awareness对应，确定答案是ownership。另外，disputes 一词在原文涉题句的上一句己经有交代。

　　答案 ownership

　　剑9阅读难句解析

　　1. However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

　　解析： suggest的后面是that引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中，主干是infants’ developing understanding leads to a growing awareness。而infants’ developing understanding 的后面则是that引导的同位语从句用来解释understanding的内容，即，the movements ... are contingent on their own。 在同位语从句中，the movements they see in the mirror又是定语从句，the movements在定语从句中作宾语，所以关系代词that可以省略。

　　参考翻译：然而，刘易斯和布鲁克斯-冈恩( 1979年)表明，婴幼儿逐渐了解到，他们在镜子里所看到的移动其实是取决于他们自己的移动，这种了解导致他们越来越意识到他们是有别于其他人的。

　　2. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).

　　解析：第一行主句的后面出现了which引导的定语从句，然后是since引导的原因状语从句，在原因状语从句中，social roles和characteristics是并列关系，characteristics作为先行词，由关系代词which引导的定语从句对其进行解释说明。

　　参考翻译：许多人巳经看到，这方面的自我受到了社会因素的最大影响，因为它是由社会角色(如学生，兄弟，同事)以及通过比较或与他人互动派生出的特点(如诚信， 害羞，运动能力)而构成。