雅思阅读练习题：Why music makes you happy

　　新东方在线雅思网为大家带来了雅思阅读练习题：Why music makes you happy。正文都做了贴心的注解，文章包含雅思词汇、例句讲解。希望以下内容能够为同学们的雅思备考提供帮助。新东方在线雅思网将第一时间为大家发布最新、最全、最专业的雅思报名官网消息和雅思考试真题及解析，供大家参考。

　　People love music for much the same reason they're drawn to sex, drugs,gambling and delicious food, according to new research. When you listen to tunes that move you, the study found, your brain releases dopamine, a chemical involved in both motivation and addiction.

　　根据新研究，人们喜爱音乐和他们沉溺性欲、毒品、赌博、美食等，原因大致相同。该研究表明，如果听到的曲调触动了你，大脑就会分泌多巴胺，一种与冲动、上瘾相关的化学物质。

　　Even just anticipating(期待) the sounds of a composition like Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" or Phish's "You Enjoy Myself" can get the feel-good chemical flowing, found the study, which was the first to make a concrete(具体的) link between dopamine release and musical pleasure.

　　该研究还发现，即使仅仅是想一想维瓦尔第的“四季”乐章，或是费西乐队的“你好好爱我”，都会使这种让人快乐的化学物质流动起来。该研究是第一次在多巴胺的分泌和音乐享受之间建立具体联系。

　　The findings offer a biological explanation for why music has been such a major part of major emotional events in cultures around the world since the beginning of human history. Through music, the study also offers new insightsinto how the human pleasure system works.

　　自人类历史伊始，音乐便在全世界各文化的主要情感事件中举足轻重，这一研究为其提供了生物学上的解释。通过音乐，该研究还为人类愉悦系统的工作机制提供了新的洞见。

　　"You're following these tunes and anticipating what's going to come next and whether it's going to confirm or surprise you, and all of these little cognitive(认知上的) nuances(细微差别) are what's giving you this amazing pleasure," said Valorie Salimpoor, a neuroscientist(神经系统科学家) at McGill University in Montreal. "The reinforcement or reward happens almost entirely because of dopamine."

　　“你听着这些曲调，期待接下来会听到什么，它证实你的期待，或者让你惊讶，所有这些小小的认知差异都能让你产生这种惊喜的愉悦感。”Valorie Salimpoor是蒙特利尔McGill大学的一位神经系统科学家，她说：“这种证实或者回报的感觉能够产生，几乎完全是因为多巴胺的缘故。”

　　"This basically explains why music has been around for so long," she added. " The intense pleasure we get from it is actually biologically reinforcing in the brain, and now here's proof for it."

　　她接着说：“这从根本上解释了为什么音乐的历史如此悠久。从生理上讲，我们从音乐中获得的强烈愉悦感在大脑中不断强化，现在我们有证据了。”

　　In a previous study, Salimpoor and colleagues linked music-induced(引起;导致) pleasure with a surge in intense emotional arousal, including changes in heart rate, pulse, breathing rate and other measurements. Along with these physical changes, people often report feelings of shivers or chills. When that happens during a listening experience, Salimpoor's group and others have found evidence that blood flows to regions in the brain involved in dopamine release.

　　在之前的一项研究中，Salimpoor和同事们将音乐引起的愉悦感与强情感冲动上升相联系，包括心率、脉搏、呼吸率等的变化。伴随着这些生理变化，人们还经常说有冷颤的感觉。Salimpoor团队及其他人已经找到证据，听音乐的过程中，如果这些现象发生，血液就会流向涉及多巴胺分泌的大脑区域。

　　To solidify the dopamine link, the researchersrecruited(招募) eight music-lovers, who brought to the lab samples of music that gavethem chills of pleasure. Most picks were classical, with some jazz, rock andpopular music mixed in, including Led Zeppelin and Dave Matthews Band. The mostpopular selection was Barbar's Adagio for Strings.

　　为证实多巴胺联系理论，研究人员招募了八位音乐爱好者，他们带来了使他们极度愉悦的音乐。大多数选择了古典音乐，兼有爵士、摇滚和流行音乐，包括齐柏林飞艇(Led Zeppelin)和大卫马修乐队(Dave Matthews Band)。选得最多的是巴伯(Samuel Barbar)的弦乐柔板(Adagio for Strings)。

　　After 15 minutes of listening, scientists injected participants with a radioactivesubstance(放射性物质) that binds todopamine receptors. With a machine called a PET scanner, the scientists werethen able to see if that substance simply circulated through listeners' blood,which would indicate that they had already released a lot of dopamine, and thatthe dopamine was tying up all available receptors.

　　听完15分钟后，科学家为参加者注射能依附多巴胺感受器的放射性物质。通过PET扫描仪，科学家得以观察这些物质是否仅在听者的血液中循环。如果是肯定的话，这意味着他们已经大量分泌巴多胺，并且已经依附可找到的感受器。

　　If most of their dopamine receptors were free, on the other hand, the radioactive substance would bind to them.

　　从另一方面来说，如果大多数的巴多胺感受器处于空闲，那么放射性物质将会依附其上。

　　The technique showed, definitively for the first time, that people's brains released large amounts of dopamine when they listened to music that gave them chills, the researchers reported in the journal Nature Neuroscience. Whenthe same people listened to less moving music the next day, their dopamine receptors remained wide open.

　　研究人员《自然神经科学》中发文称，这项技术首次表明，当人们听到那些带给他们快感的音乐时，大脑会分泌大量的多巴胺。当第二天同样的人听没那么触动的音乐，他们的多巴胺感受器就会保持较大的开放幅度。

　　Once the researchers knew for sure that dopamine was behind the pleasure of music,they put participants in an fMRI machine and played the moving music for them again. In this part of the experiment.the scanners showed that the brain pumped out(大量涌出)dopamine both during the phase of musical anticipation and at the moment when chills hit in full force. The two surges happened in differentareas of the brain.

　　当研究人员确认多巴胺与音乐快感的关联后，他们将参加者放入fMRI机器，并再次播放那些感动过他们的音乐。这个实验中，扫描仪显示，在音乐期待阶段以及振颤感觉最强烈的瞬间，大脑大量分泌巴多胺。这两次分泌急升发生在大脑的不同区域。

　　"It is amazing that we can release dopamine in anticipation of something abstract, complex and not concrete," Salimpoor said. "Thisis the first study to show that dopamine can be released in response to an aesthetic(审美的;艺术的) stimulus."

　　“太神奇了，我们在期待一些抽象、复杂的事物时会分泌多巴胺，” Salimpoor说。“表明在受到审美的刺激时，大脑会分泌多巴胺，这还是首项研究。”

　　The findings suggest that, like sex and drugs, music may be mildly addictive(使人上瘾的), said David Huron, a music cognition researcher at Ohio State University, Columbus.

　　哥伦布市的俄亥俄州立大学音乐认知研究人员David Huron说，研究结果显示，与性和毒品一样，音乐也会让人有一点点上瘾。

　　Dopamine is an adaptive reward-inducing molecule that makes animal swant to look for food before they're hungry. It's what makes it impossible forsome people to pass by the neighborhood bakery without going in to buy a tart.And it provides a rush(服用毒品后的强烈快感) for hero in addicts when they see blood enter the needle -- before the drug even gets into their veins.

　　多巴胺是一种具有诱导力的适应型分子，它使得动物在饥饿前会去觅食。它也使一些人在路过附近面包店时，总忍不住想进去买个蛋挞。同时，它还使得瘾君子在看到血液流进针管时产生强烈快感——而那时毒品甚至都还没进入他们的静脉。)

　　In its groundbreaking(开创性的) combination of techniques,Huron said, the study also offers a new way to study the relationship between dopamine and feelings of motivation, reward and pleasure. Brain scanners are notoriously(臭名昭著地)expensive for scientists and claustrophobic(幽闭恐惧症) for participants, with no room for people to do things like eat in them.

　　对于所采用的开创性技术组合，Huron认为，这项研究还为探讨多巴胺与冲动、奖励、愉悦的关系提供了新的方法。众所周知，脑部扫描仪对科学家们来说过于昂贵，会给实验者带来幽闭恐惧，同时没有空间让人做任何事情，比如吃饭。

　　Music, on the other hand, can be pumped right in(畅通无阻地涌入) to the machine, and scientists can then look at pleasure responses on a note-by-note basis.

　　另一方面，音乐却可以畅通无阻地涌入仪器，然后科学家便能轻松地观察每个音符产生的愉悦反应。

　　"Music is going to be a useful tool in trying to explain all sorts of aspects of pleasure, addiction and maladaptive behaviors," Huron said."It's a technical tour de force what they've done. I just think it's areally wonderful piece of work."

　　“音乐将成为一个有用的工具来解释愉悦、上瘾及适应不良行为的各个方面，”Huron说道。“这是一个技术杰作。我认为它真的很棒。”