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　　The debate over spanking goes back many years, but the essential question often evades discussion: does spanking actually work? In the short term, yes. You can correct immediate misbehavior with a slap or two on the rear-end or hand. But what about the long-term impact? Can spanking lead to permanent, hidden scars on children years later?

　　在教育小孩的问题上，关于要不要打板子的争论由来已久。但是人们往往回避了这样一个本质问题：打屁股有用吗?——从短期来看，是有效果，打手心、打屁股可以立即纠正孩子的错误行为。但是考虑到对孩子长远的影响呢?打板子会不会在孩子内心的深处形成长大以后都抹不去的伤痕呢?

　　On Friday, a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper at the International Conference on Violence, Abuse and Trauma, in San Diego, suggesting that corporal punishment does leave a long-lasting mark — in the form of lower IQ. Straus, who is 83 and has been studying corporal punishment since 1969, found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who weren't — the more children were spanked, the lower their IQ — and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entire nations. Among 32 countries Straus studied, in those where spanking was accepted, the average IQ of the survey population was lower than in nations where spanking was rare, the researcher says.

　　上周五在圣地亚哥举行的主题为“暴力，虐待与创伤”的国际会议上，来自于新罕布什尔州立大学的社会学家默里? 斯特劳斯发表了一篇论文，他指出，体罚确实对孩子造成了长远的影响，其后果是智商的降低。现已83岁高龄的斯特劳斯，从1969年起就开始研究体罚的问题。他发现受过体罚的小孩和没有受过体罚的小孩相比，IQ值(智商得分)要低5个点之多。受体罚越多，IQ值越低。不仅对某个孩子来说是这样，对整个国家来说也是这样。斯特劳斯说，在他研究的32个国家里面，那些普遍认可体罚行为的国家，人们的IQ值要低于那些极少存在体罚行为的国家。

　　In the U.S., Straus and his colleague Mallie Paschall of the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, looked at 1,510 children — 806 kids ages 2 to 4, and 704 ages 5 to 9 — and found that roughly three-quarters had endured some kind of corporal punishment in the previous two weeks, according to interviews with the mothers. Researchers measured the children's IQ initially, then again four years later. Those kids who hadn't been spanked in the initial survey period scored significantly better on intelligence and achievement tests than those who had been hit. Among the 2-to-4-year-olds, the difference in IQ was five points; among the older kids, there was a 2.8-point gap. That association held after taking into account parental education, income and other environmental factors, says Straus.

　　在美国，斯特劳斯和他在太平洋研究所的同事迈里·帕什尔一起做过一个项目。这位同事是专职于调查与评估的。他们以1510个小孩为观察对象，其中806个2到4岁;704个5到9岁。当时，他们通过对孩子的家长的采访了解到，四分之三的孩子在2个星期内被体罚过。他们先对孩子们的智商进行了测试，然后4年以后进行回访。发现，在当时调查期间没有受到体罚的孩子，在智力测验和成就测验上的得分均高于受过体罚的孩子。其中2到4岁这一批里面，得分的差距是5分，而5到9岁的一批里面，差距是2.8分。斯特劳斯说，他们在挑选受访人群时，是考虑了各家庭的亲子教育，收入状况和其他因素都不相同这一先设条件的。

　　So how might getting spanked on the butt actually affect the workings of the brain? Straus notes that being spanked or hit is associated with fright and stress; kids who experience that kind of trauma have a harder time focusing and learning. In another recent paper that he coauthored with Paschall, Straus writes that previous research has found that even after you control for parental education and occupation, children of parents who use corporal punishment are less likely than other kids to graduate from college.

　　那么为何打的是屁股，伤的是脑袋呢?斯特劳斯发现，体罚会使小孩受惊吓、有压力。有过这种创伤的小孩很难集中注意力和有效地学习。在他与帕士奇合著、最近发表的另一篇论文中，他提到，即使在孩子们的家庭教育情况、父母的职业都接近的情况下，相对来说，那些受过体罚的小孩顺利完成大学学业也要困难一些。

　　Still, it's not clear if spanking causes lower cognitive ability or if lower cognitive ability might somehow lead to more spanking. It's quite possible that kids with poor reasoning skills misbehave more often and therefore elicit harsher punishment. "It could be that lower IQ causes parents to get exasperated and hit more," Straus says, although he notes that a recent Duke University study of low-income families found that toddlers' low mental ability did not predict an increase in spanking. (The study did find, however, that kids who were spanked at age 1 displayed more aggressive behavior by age 2, and scored lower on cognitive development tests by age 3.) "I believe the relationship [between corporal punishment and IQ] is probably bidirectional," says Straus. "There has to be something the kid is doing that's wrong that leads to corporal punishment. The problem is, when the parent does that, it seems to have counterproductive results to cognitive ability in the long term."