雅思免费课程NEW
剑桥题库机考HOT
雅思水平测试NEW
雅思选课中心
雅思听力
雅思口语
雅思阅读
雅思写作
雅思问答
雅思考试机经回忆
雅思动态NEW
雅思备考指导
雅思模拟题
雅思核心词汇NEW
雅思备考规划
扫码添加助教免费咨询雅思备考规划
扫码关注回复雅思获取最新雅思口语题库和备考资料
为了帮助大家高效备考雅思,新东方在线雅思频道为大家带来雅思听力背景:天上掉钻石,希望对大家雅思备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线雅思频道!
Is It Raining Diamonds On Uranus
Berkeley - October 1, 1999 - If experiments at the University of California, Berkeley, are any indication, future explorers of our solar system may well find diamonds hailing down through the atmospheres of Neptune and Uranus.
These planets contain a high proportion of methane, which UC Berkeley researchers have now shown can turn into diamond at the high temperatures and pressures found inside these planets.
"Once these diamonds form, they fall like raindrops or hailstones toward the center of the planet," said Laura Robin Benedetti, a graduate student in physics at UC Berkeley.
The team, led by Benedetti and Raymond Jeanloz, professor of geology and geophysics, produced these conditions inside a diamond anvil cell, squeezing liquid methane to several hundred thousand times atmospheric pressure. When they focused a laser beam on the pressurized liquid, heating it to some 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit, diamond dust appeared.
They report their experimental findings in a paper in the Oct. 1 issue of Science.
The demonstration that methane can convert to diamond as well as other complex hydrocarbons in the interiors of giant planets like Neptune hint at a complex chemistry inside gaseous planets and even brown dwarf stars. Brown dwarfs are small, dim stars barely larger than the largest gas giant planets.
"This is opening the door to study of the interesting types of chemical reactions taking place inside planets and brown dwarfs," Jeanloz said. "Now that technology is able to reproduce the high pressures and temperatures found there, we are getting much better quality information on the chemical reactions taking place under these conditions."
"It is not amazing that chemistry like this happens inside planets, it's just that most people haven't dealt with the chemical reactions that can occur," Benedetti said. "The interior of these planets may be much more complicated that our current picture."
A simple calculation, for example, shows that the energy released by diamonds settling to the planet's core could account for the excess heat radiated by Neptune, that is, the heat given off by Neptune in excess of what it receives from the sun.
"What's exciting to us is the application of this high-pressure chemistry to understanding the outer planets," Jeanloz said.
"As more planets are found in unexpected orbits around other stars, the effects of internal chemical processes will need to be further clarified in order to obtain a general understanding of planet formation and evolution," the authors concluded in the Science paper.
Our solar system's other gas giant planets -- Jupiter and Saturn -- may also contain diamonds produced under such conditions, though they contain proportionately less methane than Neptune and Uranus. Based on theoretical calculations, Neptune and Uranus are estimated to contain about 10 to 15 percent methane under an outer atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. (See graphic for presumed internal structure of Neptune,
Several groups of researchers have suggested that the methane in these planets could conceivably turn into diamond at fairly shallow depths, about one tenth of the way to the center. Nearly two decades ago, a group at Lawrence Livermore National laboratory shocked some methane and reported the formation of diamond before the stuff evaporated. That group was led by retired scientist Marvin Ross and researchers William Nellis and Francis Ree.
Recently some theorists in Italy also concluded that diamonds were likely.
Benedetti and Jeanloz decided to try the obvious experiment -- squeeze liquid methane and see if they could make diamond dust.
The liquid methane, cooled with liquid nitrogen, was placed in a diamond anvil cell and squeezed to between 10 and 50 billion pascals (gigapascals), or about 100,000 - 500,000 times atmospheric pressure. The researchers then heated the compressed methane with an infrared laser to about 2,000 to 3,000 Kelvin (3600-5400 degrees Fahrenheit).
"It's really cool to watch," said Benedetti. "When you turn on the laser the methane turns black because of all the diamonds created. The black diamond specks float in a clear hydrocarbon liquid melted by the laser."
Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the suspended specks, as did subsequent analysis with X-ray crystallography. The flecks were diamonds interspersed with hydrocarbons.
Jeanloz said that the high temperature breaks up methane (CH4) into carbon and hydrogen, while high pressure condenses the carbon to diamond. Other types of hydrocarbons -- doubly and triply bonded carbon -- also were produced, apparently in the cooler areas outside that illuminated by the laser.
Jeanloz and his team plan next to see what happens to other constituents of these planets -- ammonia and water -- at high temperatures and pressures.
Coauthors of the paper with Benedetti and Jeanloz are post-doctoral researcher Jeffrey H. Nguyen, now a scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; geology graduate student Wendell A. Caldwell, Chinese visiting scholar Hongjian Liu and Michael Kruger, a former graduate student now in the physics department at the University of Missouri, Kansas City.
Diamonds From The Sky
Amherst - August 9, 1999 - In the Aug. 6 issue of the journal Science, University of Massachusetts geoscientist Stephen Haggerty contends that some of the carbon in diamonds comes from outer space.
Haggerty argues against the long-held view that the carbon in diamond comes from the remains of plants and marine organisms as they decayed under the high temperatures and pressures of the Earth's deep interior. The invited review is titled, "A Diamond Trilogy: Superplumes, Supercontinents, and Supernovae."
Many in the scientific community have long theorized that diamonds are primarily the result of organic materials that were dragged into the Earth's interior as one continental plate was thrust beneath another in a process called subduction.
This theory holds that the organic material, when exposed to the extreme heat and pressure within the Earth for millions of years, produced the carbon in diamonds. But the fossil record, and the dating of diamonds, indicate that this carbon is at least three billion years older than animal and plant life.
Haggerty suspects that some of the carbon in these diamonds was in fact produced in supernovae: the explosions of dying stars. The carbon was incorporated into our solar system, where it is the fourth most abundant element.
This carbon, plus some that was brought to Earth on meteorites, may well be the source of diamonds, Haggerty says. The study of diamond has seen a recent burst of activity as new research methods have become available. The new theory is based on an evaluation of this scientific literature, he notes.
Evidence lending weight to the "stardust" theory includes the antiquity of the diamonds, and the similarity of carbon isotopic ratios to those found in meteorites, Haggerty says.
Also, the bulk composition of the Earth is chondritic; that is, similar to a class of meteorites called chondrites. Chondrites contain several forms of carbon, including diamonds older than our sun.
"Because the early Earth was bombarded by meteorites," he says, "it is reasonable to conclude that the carbon in diamonds on the Earth is primordial."
Scientists have shown that most diamonds are brought from the Earth's interior to its surface by volcanoes. But the volcanoes that bring forth these precious stones are much younger than the diamonds themselves, according to Haggerty.
"This combination of old diamonds and young volcanoes indicates that the diamonds were already formed when magma brought them to the surface," said Haggerty.
Additionally, there were two geologically short time periods during which hundreds of diamond-producing volcanoes erupted all over the Earth. One group erupted about one billion years ago, and the other 100 million years ago.
Haggerty suggests that the eruptions were the result of the "blooming" of molten plumes from the Earth's core. The volcanoes occurred randomly around the planet, rather than along continental plate boundaries, lending support to the model of deep primary carbon.
以上就是关于“雅思听力背景:天上掉钻石”的内容,更多精彩内容,请关注雅思频道!
资料下载
雅思写作高频词汇PDF下载
发布时间:2023-08-26添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【200】获取
590组雅思阅读写作必背短语PDF版下载
发布时间:2023-08-09添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【590】获取
雅思学术词汇搭配表PDF版下载
发布时间:2023-08-04添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【ACL】获取
雅思口语part3结构策略PDF版下载
发布时间:2023-08-04添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【Part3】获取
雅思听力高频场景词PDF版下载
发布时间:2023-08-09添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【高频词】获取
雅思口语Part2答案示范15篇PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-26添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【P2】获取
雅思小作文35组必备表达PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-26添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【35】获取
雅思阅读高频短语PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-20添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【短语】获取
200组雅思写作高频词汇PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-20添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【200】获取
雅思写作话题词汇PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-16添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【话题】获取
50组雅思口语同义替换词PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-10添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【替换】获取
雅思写作大作文精选题目101PDF下载
发布时间:2023-07-09添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【101】获取
雅思口语核心300词PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-23添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【300】获取
雅思阅读分类词汇PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-17添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【分类词】获取
雅思口语必备习语PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-17添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【习语】获取
雅思小作文常用词汇66词PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-16添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【66】获取
雅思口语常见功能结构109句PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-08添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【109】获取
10年雅思写作题库PDF下载
发布时间:2023-06-08添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【写作话题】获取
雅思图表作文精选套句50句PDF下载
发布时间:2023-05-28添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【50】获取
雅思写作99组高频词汇PDF资料
发布时间:2023-05-28添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【99】获取
2023年5月雅思口语新题题库PDF版本
发布时间:2023-05-14添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【新题】获取
2023年5-8月雅思口语新题题库与解析PDF版本
发布时间:2023-05-06关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【新题】获取
雅思听力考点词汇PDF资料
发布时间:2023-04-27添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【考点词】获取
雅思听力机经词汇PDF资料
发布时间:2023-04-24添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【TL】获取
雅思口语Part1常见话题语料库PDF资料
发布时间:2023-04-20添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【Part1】获取
剑桥雅思阅读长难句50句PDF资料
发布时间:2023-04-19添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【长难句】获取
雅思阅读核心学术词汇表PDF资料
发布时间:2023-04-07关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【核心】获取
100个雅思写作观点词和替换词表达PDF资料
发布时间:2023-03-24关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【100】获取
雅思阅读分类词汇PDF资料
发布时间:2023-03-22关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【分类词】获取
雅思阅读短语PDF资料
发布时间:2023-03-08关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【短语】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教,
回复【口语】获取雅思口语资料大礼包
推荐阅读
更多>>大家日常在备考雅思听力的时候可以多注意一些易混词汇,新东方在线雅思为大家整理了雅思考试听力易混词汇,希望对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
大家日常在备考雅思听力的时候可以多注意一些易混词汇,新东方在线雅思为大家整理了雅思考试听力易混词汇,希望对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
大家日常在备考雅思听力的时候可以多注意一些易混词汇,新东方在线雅思为大家整理了雅思考试听力易混词汇,希望对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
大家日常在备考雅思听力的时候可以多注意一些易混词汇,新东方在线雅思为大家整理了雅思考试听力易混词汇,希望对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
为了帮助大家高效备考雅思,新东方在线雅思为大家整理了雅思听力技巧,希望对大家雅思备考有所帮助。
资料下载
更多>>添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【200】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【590】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【ACL】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【Part3】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【高频词】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【P2】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【35】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【短语】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【200】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【话题】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【替换】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【101】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【300】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【分类词】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【习语】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【66】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【109】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【写作话题】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【50】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【99】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【新题】获取
关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【新题】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【考点词】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【TL】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【Part1】获取
添加新东方在线雅思助教号
回复【长难句】获取
关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【核心】获取
关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【100】获取
关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【分类词】获取
关注新东方在线考雅课程中心服务号
回复【短语】获取
编辑推荐
雅思新题
阅读排行榜
相关内容