雅思阅读模拟题：Ancient Storytelling

大家在备考雅思考试的过程中可以多做雅思模拟题，了解自己的雅思水平，分析自己的薄弱项，新东方在线雅思在本文为大家带来的是雅思阅读模拟题：Ancient Storytelling，大家可以练习练习.

Ancient Storytelling

　　A It was told, we suppose, to people crouched around a fire: a tale of adventure, most likely relating some close encounter with death; a remarkable hunt, an escape from mortal danger; a vision, or something else out of the ordinary. Whatever its thread, the weaving of this story was done with a prime purpose. The listeners must be kept listening. They must not fall asleep. So, as the story went on, its audience should be sustained by one question above all. What happens next?

　　B The first fireside stories in human history can never be known. They were kept in the heads of those who told them. This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient. From documented oral traditions in Australia, the Balkans and other parts of the world we know that specialised storytellers and poets can recite from memory literally thousands of lines, in verse or prose, verbatim word for word. But while memory is rightly considered an art in itself, it is clear that the primary purpose of making symbols is to have a system of reminders or mnemonic cues – signs that assist us in recalling certain information in the mind’s eye.

　　C In some Polynesian communities a notched memory stick may help to guide a storyteller through successive stages of recitation. But in other parts of the world, the activity of storytelling historically resulted in the development or even the invention of writing systems. One theory about the arrival of literacy in ancient Greece, for example, argues that the epic tales about the Trojan War and the wanderings of Odysseus – traditionally attributed to Homer – were just so enchanting to hear that they had to be preserved. So the Greeks, c.750-700BC, borrowed an alphabet from their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.

　　D The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many manifestations around the world, from the priestly papyrus archives of ancient Egypt to the birch-bark scrolls on which the North American Ojibway Indians set down their creation-myth. It is a well-tried and universal practice: so much so that to this day story time is probably most often associated with words on paper. The formal practice of narrating a story aloud would seem we assume to have given way to newspapers, novels and comic strips. This, however, is not the case. Statistically it is doubtful that the majority of humans currently rely upon the written word to get access to stories. So what is the alternative source?

　　E Each year, over 7 billion people will go to watch the latest offerings from Hollywood, Bollywood and beyond. The supreme storyteller of today is cinema. The movies, as distinct from still photography, seem to be an essentially modern phenomenon. This is an illusion, for there are, as we shall see, certain ways in which the medium of film is indebted to very old precedents of arranging ‘sequences’ of images. But any account of visual storytelling must be with the recognition that all storytelling beats with a deeply atavistic pulse: that is, a ‘good story’ relies upon formal patterns of plot and characterisation that have been embedded in the practice of storytelling over many generations.

　　F Thousands of scripts arrive every week at the offices of the major film studios. But aspiring screenwriters really need to look no further for essential advice than the fourth-century BC Greek Philosopher Aristotle. He left some incomplete lecture notes on the art of telling stories in various literary and dramatic modes, a slim volume known as The Poetics. Though he can never have envisaged the popcorn-fuelled actuality of a multiplex cinema, Aristotle is almost prescient about the key elements required to get the crowds flocking to such a cultural hub. He analyzed the process with cool rationalism. When a story enchants us, we lose the sense of where we are; we are drawn into the story so thoroughly that we forget it is a story being told. This is, in Aristotle’s phrase, ‘the suspension of disbelief.

　　G We know the feeling. If ever we have stayed in our seats, stunned with grief, as the credits roll by, or for days after seeing that vivid evocation of horror have been nervous about taking a shower at home, then we have suspended disbelief. We have been caught, or captivated, in the storyteller’s web. Did it all really happen? We really thought so for a while. Aristotle must have witnessed often enough this suspension of disbelief. He taught at Athens, the city where theater developed as a primary form of civic ritual and recreation. Two theatrical types of storytelling, tragedy and comedy, caused Athenian audiences to lose themselves in sadness and laughter respectively. Tragedy, for Aristotle, was particularly potent in its capacity to enlist and then purge the emotions of those watching the story unfold on the stage, so he tried to identify those factors in the storyteller’s art that brought about such engagement. He had, as an obvious sample for analysis, not only the fifth-century BC masterpieces of Classical Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Beyond them stood Homer, whose stories even then had canonical status: The Iliad and The Odyssey were already considered literary landmarks-stories by which all other stories should be measured. So what was the secret of Homer’s narrative art?

　　H It was not hard to find. Homer created credible heroes. His heroes belonged to the past, they were mighty and magnificent, yet they were not, in the end, fantasy figures. He made his heroes sulk, bicker, cheat and cry. They were, in short, characters – protagonists of a story that an audience would care about, would want to follow, and would want to know what happens next. As Aristotle saw, the hero who shows a human side-some flaw or weakness to which mortals are prone is intrinsically dramatic by logging.

　　Questions 1-5

　　The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

　　1 A misunderstanding of a modern way of telling stories

　　2 The typical forms mentioned for telling stories

　　3 The fundamental aim of storytelling

　　4 A description of reciting stories without any assistance

　　5 How to make story characters attractive

　　Questions 6-9

　　Write the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.

　　Classify the following information as referring to

　　A adopted the writing system from another country B used organic materials to record stories

　　C used tools to help to tell stories

　　6 Egyptians

　　7 Ojibway

　　8 Polynesians

　　9 Greek

　　Questions 10-13

　　Complete the sentences below with ONE WORD ONLY from the passage.

　　Write your answer in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

　　10 Aristotle wrote a book on the art of storytelling called

　　11 Aristotle believed the most powerful type of story to move listeners is

　　12 Aristotle viewed Homers works as

　　13 Aristotle believed attractive heroes should have some

Answer keys

1.E

2. G

3. A

4. B

5. H

6. B

7. B

8. C

9. A

10. the Poetics

11. tragedy

12. landmarks

13. flaw/weakness